Ammonium Chloride: Properties, Uses, and Side Effects

Introduction

Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline salt that is commonly used in various industries. It has a wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, food, agriculture, and other fields. This article provides an overview of the properties, uses, and side effects of ammonium chloride.

What is Ammonium Chloride?

Ammonium chloride, also known as Sal ammoniac, is a salt that is composed of ammonium and chloride ions. Its chemical formula is NH4Cl, and it has a molecular weight of 53.49 g/mol. It is a white crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water and has a pungent odor.

Properties of Ammonium Chloride

Ammonium chloride has several physical and chemical properties, including:

Physical Properties

• Appearance: White crystalline powder
• Odor: Pungent
• Solubility: Highly soluble in water
• Density: 1.527 g/cm3
• Melting point: 338 °C
• Boiling point: 520 °C

Chemical Properties

• pH: 5.0 - 8.0
• Solubility in ethanol: 2.8 g/100 mL (20 °C)
• Solubility in acetone: 1.67 g/100 mL (20 °C)
• Reactivity: Ammonium chloride can react with strong bases, strong acids, and oxidizing agents.

Uses of Ammonium Chloride

Ammonium chloride has various applications in different fields, including:

1. Pharmaceutical Industry

Ammonium chloride is used in the production of several pharmaceuticals, including cough syrups, expectorants, and nasal decongestants. It helps in breaking down mucus and relieving congestion.

2. Food Industry

Ammonium chloride is used as a food additive in the production of different products, including bread, cheese, and confectionery. It is used to regulate the acidity of the food and improve the texture.

3. Agriculture

Ammonium chloride is used as a nitrogen source in fertilizers for crops such as wheat, rice, and corn. It provides essential nutrients to the plants and helps in their growth.

4. Metal Industry

Ammonium chloride is used in the metal industry as a flux in the production of soldering and welding metals. It helps in removing oxides and other impurities from the metal surfaces.

5. Textile Industry

Ammonium chloride is used in the textile industry as a dyeing assistant. It helps in enhancing the brightness and color of the fabric.

Side Effects of Ammonium Chloride

While ammonium chloride is generally considered safe, it can cause some side effects when consumed in large amounts. Some of the possible side effects are:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Dry mouth
• Blurred vision
• Skin irritation
• Difficulty breathing

Precautions

Ammonium chloride should be used with caution, and certain precautions should be taken, including:

• Avoiding ingestion of large amounts of ammonium chloride
• Using protective equipment while handling ammonium chloride, such as gloves and goggles
• Keeping ammonium chloride away from heat and flame sources
• Storing ammonium chloride in a dry and cool place