Acetonitrile: Properties, Uses, and Safety

Acetonitrile, also known as methyl cyanide or ethanenitrile, is a colorless liquid with a faint, sweet odor. It is a highly versatile organic solvent with a range of applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and electronics. However, it can also pose a significant hazard to human health and the environment if not handled properly. In this article, we will discuss the properties, uses, and safety considerations associated with acetonitrile.

Properties of Acetonitrile

Acetonitrile has a chemical formula of CH3CN and a molecular weight of 41.05 g/mol. It is highly soluble in water, alcohols, and most organic solvents. Acetonitrile is a polar solvent, meaning it can dissolve both polar and nonpolar substances. It has a boiling point of 81.6°C and a melting point of -45.7°C.

Acetonitrile is a highly flammable liquid and can form explosive mixtures with air. It is also an irritant and can cause skin and eye irritation. Prolonged exposure to acetonitrile can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system.

Uses of Acetonitrile

Acetonitrile is a highly versatile solvent with a range of applications in various industries. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as a solvent for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and as a mobile phase in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Acetonitrile is also used in the production of agrochemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides, as well as in the manufacture of dyes, plastics, and synthetic fibers.

In the electronics industry, acetonitrile is used as a solvent for the production of integrated circuits and as a cleaning agent for electronic components. It is also used as a solvent in the production of lithium-ion batteries.

Safety Considerations

Acetonitrile can pose a significant hazard to human health and the environment if not handled properly. It is a highly flammable liquid and can form explosive mixtures with air. Therefore, it should be stored and handled in a well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition. Smoking and open flames should be prohibited in areas where acetonitrile is stored or used.

Acetonitrile is also an irritant and can cause skin and eye irritation. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, should be worn when handling acetonitrile. In case of skin contact, the affected area should be washed with soap and water. In case of eye contact, the eyes should be flushed with water for at least 15 minutes.

Prolonged exposure to acetonitrile can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Therefore, exposure to acetonitrile should be minimized as much as possible. Workers who handle acetonitrile should be trained on the proper handling procedures and safety precautions.

Conclusion

Acetonitrile is a highly versatile organic solvent with a range of applications in various industries. However, it can also pose a significant hazard to human health and the environment if not handled properly. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the properties, uses, and safety considerations associated with acetonitrile.